UNIT IV : MODULE 1 – SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
Fill in the blanks.
1. The principle of induction states that events in nature are ________ and not ________.
2. The principle allows us to extrapolate from the ________ to the ________.
3. According to Mill, the principle assures us that the course of nature is ________ and the universe is governed by ________.
4. According to Hume, no amount of argument from experience can prove the principle of induction, because these arguments are founded ________ itself.
5. An argument that starts from particular(s) to a general statement is known as ________.
6. When the truth of the premises does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion, the argument is ________.
7. When the claim of the conclusion goes beyond the evidence of the premises, the argument is known as ________.
8. An argument that starts from general to particular is known as ________.
9. A type of reasoning which does not contain an inference from the ________ to the ________ is not inductive.
10. When we observe a regular connection between two events and we project that the same regularity will continue in the future
UNIT IV :
MODULE 1 – SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
1.
The principle of induction states that events in nature are ________ and
not ________.
2.
The principle allows us to extrapolate from the ________ to the ________.
3.
According to Mill, the principle assures us that the course of nature is
________ and the universe is governed by ________.
4.
According to Hume, no amount of argument from experience can prove the
principle of induction, because these arguments are founded ________ itself.
5.
An argument that starts from particular(s) to a general statement is
known as ________.
6.
When the truth of the
premises does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion, the argument is
________.
7.
When the claim of the conclusion goes beyond the evidence of the
premises, the argument is known as ________.
8.
An argument that starts from general to particular is known as ________.
9.
A type of reasoning which does not contain an inference from the ________
to the ________ is not inductive.
10.
When we observe a regular connection between two events and we project
that the same regularity will continue in the future, we are using the ________.
11.
The premises as well as the conclusion of an inductive argument can be
________, ________ or ________.
12.
In contrast, the premises and the conclusion of a deductive argument can
be ________ or ________ only.
13.
The argument strength of a deductive argument rests on the ________
________ and not on the ________.
14.
In contrast the argument strength of an inductive argument rests on the
________ and not on the ________.
|
certain
inductive inference
counter example
a few/some several probable
50% plus 1
inductive inference
complete enumeration one
highly probable/probable
certain/highly probable true
beyond reasonable
doubt
UNIT
IV : MODULE 3 – SELF ASSESSMENTQUESTIONS 1.
Most of the A-form and E-form universal claims do not have the ________
to make good their claims. 2.
When the evidence warrants claiming only a few, do not claim
________. 3.
When you want to make a generalization and your evidence is incomplete,
use ________ instead of ________. 4.
A most claim requires you to produce the evidence of ________. 5.
The defect of the requirement that the sample must be representative of
the whole class is, it is ________. 6.
The requirement that no conflicting case must be observed is really an
attempt to ________ the generalization. 7.
When you make a generalization based on too few samples, you are likely
to commit the fallacy called ________. 8.
Randomizing the selection of the sample is an attempt to make the sample
________ of the population. 9.
The basis of many superstitious beliefs is ________. 10.
Generally, the more samples you have, the more ________ your
generalization. 11.
The wider the variety where your samples were drawn, the more ________ we
can place on the generalization. 12.
When there are no conflicting cases found, the more ________ we can place
on the generalization. 13.
In order to have complete confidence in your empirical generalization,
you have to ________ it.
representative
circular
many/most
most explain
confidence
falsify
reliable
required
evidence hasty
generalization hasty
generalization confidence
50% + 1
IV : MODULE 4 – SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS 1.
Without a ________, there will be no need to form a hypothesis. 2.
Once a problem has been recognized, it must be ________ ________. 3.
If a problem was stated ________or ________, solving it would be very
difficult. 4.
A common form of induction by confirmation is ________ ________. 5.
The moment Semmelweis stated his problem clearly, he considered as many
________ as possible. 6.
Once you have a list of hypotheses, your next step is to ________ them. 7.
The first step in testing a hypothesis is to complete a ________
________. 8.
Once the conditional statement is formulated, the next step is to test
the ________. 9.
If the consequent turns out to be false, you can ________ the hypothesis. 10.
The logical form of rejecting the hypothesis is called ________ ________. 11.
If the consequent turns out to be true, you ________ ________ the
hypothesis. 12.
If you accept the hypothesis when the test condition turns out to be
true, you have committed a fallacy. 13.
There are three guidelines regarding the order in which you can test your
hypothesis. These are: ________, ________, and ________. 14.
Strictly speaking, ________ a hypothesis is easier than ________ it. 15.
In the final analysis, the test condition of the hypothesis of Semmelweis
was confirmed but in the end, his hypothesis about cadaveric matter turned out
to be ________.
false
vaguely/ambiguously
stated clearly
cannot accept test
conditional statement
hypotheses reject
problem
hypothesis testing
consequent
urgency/economy/bias fallacy
modus tollens
rejecting/accepting
1.
The premises and conclusion of a deductive argument are either ________
or ________. 2.
The premises and conclusion of an inductive argument are either ________
or ________ or ________. 3.
The premises and conclusion of an evaluative argument need not be
________ or ________ but may be ________ or ________. 4.
Statistical syllogism and evaluative argument have similar logical
________. 5.
Statistical syllogism makes use of an ________ _______ as a major
premise. 6.
In contrast, an evaluative argument makes use of
an ________ ________ as a major premise. 7.
Some logicians would not consider an evaluative argument to be a genuine
argument. They would call it ________ ________. 8.
The argument strength of an evaluative argument rests on the ________
________ _______ of the major premise. 9.
A quick way to check the strength of an evaluative argument is to use
Kant’s ________ ________ on the major premise. 10.
If the major premise does not pass the universalizability test, the
argument can be ________. 11.
An evaluative argument has a concealed moral principle acting as a
________ ________ in the argument. 12.
Deontological types of evaluative argument appeal to the ________ of the
act as either right or wrong in itself without considering the consequences. 13.
Teleological type of evaluative argument appeals to the ________ of the
act in determining if it is ________ or ________. 14.
Teleological reasoning usually begins with a definition of good, and
________ ________ are defined as those actions that promote the ________.
quasi-argument
true/false
evaluative statement major
premise true/false/probable form
consequences/right/wrong
right actions/good empirical
generalization nature
universalizability test wide public acceptance
rejected
1.
The prerequisite for evaluating an argument is prior knowledge of its
________ ________. 2.
Argument strength refers to the ________ provided for by the premises to
the ________. 3.
The argument strength of a deductive argument rests on the ________
________ of the argument. 4.
In contrast, the argument strength of an inductive argument rests on the
________ of the premises. 5.
The basic technique for evaluating an argument is to break the ________
of the premises to the conclusion. 6.
A false premise does not transit any ________ to the conclusion. 7.
The first step in evaluating an argument is to be ________ ________ about
the claim of the conclusion. 8.
When you are offered an argument where the premise set, even if true,
does not support the claim of the conclusion, a fallacy of ________ ________ is
made. 9.
The second step is to grant the truth of the premises and to find out if
it ________ the conclusion. 10.
Assume the premise set to be true and find out if it ________ the
conclusion. 11.
The third step is to challenge the ________ of the ________. 12.
The fourth step is to challenge the ________ of the ________. 13.
The best way to challenge the conclusion is to look for a ________
________.
truth
support/conclusion
truth premises weakens
support/conclusion
logical form
very
clear
irrelevant reason
counterexample
conclusion
empirical content
argument strength strengthens
1.
You commit the fallacy of ________ ________ when you attack the person
who composed the argument, rather than the argument 2.
When you are forced to reject your own argument by threat and strong-arm
tactics, the fallacy is called ________ ________. 3.
When your argument is rejected by an appeal to the emotional and
miserable consequences of the conclusion, the fallacy is called ________
________. 4.
You commit the fallacy of ________ ________ when you infer the truth of a
conclusion because it cannot be disproved. 5.
When you base the soundness of an argument on popularity of the
conclusion, you commit the fallacy called ________. 6.
When the strength of an argument rests on some authority, be sure that
the authority is the relevant one: if not the fallacy is called ________
________. 7.
You commit the ________ fallacy when you deliberately distort an argument
to weaken it and offer it as the real argument. 8.
When the strawman substitute becomes the focus of attention and the
participants lose sight of the original argument, the fallacy is called ________
________. 9.
When you are offered an analogy that is not accurate, and a conclusion is
drawn as if the analogy is exact, the fallacy is called ________ ________. 10.
When you are asked a question that smuggles the truth of a conclusion,
the fallacy is called ________ ________. 11.
When the conclusion of your argument is rejected by citing a series of
consequences leading to a final outcome which is disastrous, the fallacy is
called ____________. 12.
When you compose an argument by citing as evidence the conclusion of the
argument or by repeating the conclusion several times, the fallacy is called
____________. 13.
When you are offered an argument forcing you to accept only two
alternatives. Where, in fact, there are others, the fallacy is called ________
________. 14.
All fallacious arguments share one thing in common; the conclusion does
not follow from the premise. This is called _____ ________.
strawman
false analogy ad vericundiam
complex question nonsequitor ad
populum ad hominem
petition principii
redherring
slippery slope admisericordiam
false dilemma
adbaculum
ad ignorantium
Instructions.
I want you to apply the steps in composing arguments of the following
statements below. A.
State your conclusion in simple
terms. Define any vague or ambiguous terms. What is the conclusion trying to
establish? B.
Examine the claim of the
conclusion. Is it empirical? Is it moral or evaluative? Or, is it a combination
of both? C.
What kind of evidence is
required to establish the truth of the conclusion? What kind of evidence is
required to justify the correctness of the claim of the conclusion? D.
Produce at least three, but no
more than five premises, that would provide support for the claim of the
conclusion. Instructions.
Here is your list of statements. 1.
Money is the root of all evil. 2.
The number of children per
family should be limited to two. 3.
Habitual sex-offenders should
be castrated and/or tortured. 4.
Pre-marital sex is not immoral
if you love each other. 5.
Trial relationships lead to
lasting relationships. 6.
Death penalty is inhuman. 7.
Church leaders should not
meddle in politics. 8.
Poverty hinders success in
life. 9.
Most humans seek happiness and
avoid pain. 10.
You can’t abide by Christian
morality if you are poor and starving. Instructions.
I
want you to apply the technique of composing a counter argument on the sample of
arguments below. I will reproduce in full the steps in composing a counter
argument. A.
Evaluate and criticize the
argument. Demonstrate the weakness of the connection of the premise set with the
conclusion. Are the empirical premises true? Are the evaluative premises widely
accepted? Are all the premises necessary? Are there irrelevant ones? Are there
duplications? Are there fallacies committed? Taken together, is te premise set
sufficient to establish the claim of the conclusion? B.
After evaluating the argument,
compose a counter argument by defending the opposite of your original conclusion
by providing also at least three, but no more than five, premises. C.
As a final judgment, state which
of the arguments is stronger, the original argument or the counter argument. Can
you balance the argument strength by modifying or altering the premises? 1.
Conclusion: Prostitution should be legalized. Premise
1. Prostitution is the oldest
profession. Premise
2. It should be regulated by the
government for the safety of the public. Premise
3. It will not stop anyway. Premise
4. It has an educational function
of introducing the youth to sex. Premise
5. It provides an outlet; helps
prevent sexual crimes.
2.
Conclusion: Habitual sex offenders should be tortured and castrated. Premise
1. Castration and torture will be a
deterrent to people predisposed to commit sex crimes. Premise
2. The punishment is commensurate
with the crime. Premise
3. They should be tortured for he
crime they have committed; they should be castrated so that they cannot commit
the same offense. 3.
Conclusion: Church leaders should not meddle with politics. Premise 1. They
must abide by the constitutional provision of the separation of church and
state. Premise
2. They must take care of spiritual
needs, not political needs. Premise
3. Church leaders may become trapos. Premise
4. Church should do its duty to
spread the word of God. 4.
Conclusion: You cannot abide by Christian morality if you are poor and
starving. Premise
1. Poverty and hunger are causes of
crimes. Premise
2. Christian morality presupposes
financial, social and physical stability. Premise
3. You cannot be in your right mind
if you are poor and starving. Premise
4. When it is a matter of
self-preservation, there is no morality. Premise
5. Only the rich can afford to be
moral. 5.
Conclusion: Premarital sex
is not immoral if you love each other. Premise
1. Sex is the ultimate expression
of love. Premise
2. Premarital sex is now generally
accepted. Premise
3. Premarital sex determines sexual
compatibility before marriage. Premise
4. Sex is the surest way of proving
one’s love.
UNIT
IV : MODULE 5 – SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
UNIT
IV : MODULE 6 - SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
UNIT
IV: MODULE 7 – SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
UNIT
IV : MODULE 8 – SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
UNIT
IV : MODULE 9 – SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS